Destination C1-C2 - Unit 19 - Câu phức (Complex sentences): Lý Thuyết

Khi câu bắt đầu bằng các từ/cụm từ trạng ngữ phủ định, ta đảo ngữ động từ và chủ ngữ (giống câu hỏi).

• hardly ... when (vừa mới ... thì): Hardly had the new law been introduced when the mistake was realised.
• scarcely ... when (vừa mới ... thì): Scarcely had I opened the front door when I heard a noise.
• barely ... when (vừa mới ... thì): Barely had we solved one problem when another one arose.
• no sooner ... than (vừa mới ... thì): No sooner had the alarm gone off than the police arrived.
• only (chỉ): Only in an emergency should you dial 999.
• only after (chỉ sau khi): Only after I had checked that the burglars had left did I call the police.
• only when (chỉ khi): Only when we agree what measures are needed will we be able to solve the problem.
• not until (mãi cho đến khi): Not until the next election will we know how the public feel.
• at no time/point/stage (không lúc nào): At no point did I realise that he was the Prime Minister.
• in no way (không có cách nào): In no way does this decision represent a change in policy.
• little (ít, không): Little did Ralph know that the burglar was still inside.
• never (không bao giờ): Never have I heard such a ridiculous suggestion!
• not (không): Not one vote did the proposal receive.
• not only ... but also/too (không chỉ ... mà còn): Not only has this government failed but it has also stolen ideas.
• on no account (không được phép): On no account should you try to tackle a burglar yourself.
• rarely (hiếm khi): Rarely do the newspapers present a balanced view.
• seldom (hiếm khi): Seldom do people leaving prison stay out of trouble.
• under no circumstances (trong mọi trường hợp không): Under no circumstances will we accept an increase in working hours.

Khi câu bắt đầu bằng trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn, ta có thể đảo ngữ động từ và chủ ngữ, đặc biệt với động từ chỉ chuyển động hoặc vị trí.

• here/there: Here comes the Minister now. / There stood the next king of England.
• Cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn:
  • At the top of society are the aristocracy.
  • Beside the Town Hall stood the public library.
  • In this prison are housed some of the most dangerous criminals.
  • On the corner of the street sat a homeless man.
• Cụm phân từ: Running down the road was a young man with a woman's handbag under his arm.

'I voted for Smith.' – 'Did you? So did I.'
'I don't believe a word this government says.' – 'No, neither do I.'

• I am very worried about bullying in the school, as are a lot of the parents.
• The police in this area make more arrests than do officers in other parts of the country.
• So rare is burglary here that many people don't bother to lock their doors.
• Such public interest was there in the story that it was on the front pages.

• Were the Foreign Secretary to resign, it would cause serious problems.
• Should the Foreign Secretary resign, it would cause serious problems.
• Had I known about the crime problem, I would never have moved here.

Câu chẻ được dùng để nhấn mạnh một thành phần cụ thể trong câu.

• all (that):
  All that Keith wanted was to get his money back.
  To get his money back was all that Keith wanted.
• It is/was ... who/which/that:
  It was Carol who/that called the police.
• the ... thing:
  The first thing is to check to see what's missing.
  To check to see what's missing is the first thing.
• the day/etc when/that / the day/etc on/in/at which:
  The year when this government came to power was 2006.
  2006 was the year when this government came to power.
  2006 was the year in which this government came to power.
• the person who/that:
  The person who stole the money was Thomas.
  Thomas was the person who stole the money.
• the place where:
  The place where the Queen stays in Scotland is Balmoral Castle.
  Balmoral Castle is the place where the Queen stays in Scotland.
• the reason (why):
  The reason (why) I joined this political party was to make a difference.
  To make a difference was the reason (why) I joined this political party.
• the thing that:
  The thing that annoys me is the boss's attitude.
  The boss's attitude is the thing that annoys me.
• what:
  What annoys me is the boss's attitude.
  The boss's attitude is what annoys me.
• what ... do/did:
  What Churchill did was bring people together.
• what happens/happened is/was ...:
  What happened was that a witness saw the man leave the house.

• It all happened so quickly that I didn't have time to see the man's face.
• This problem has gone on for so long that I don't think they'll ever find a solution.
• It was so terrible a crime that the judge sentenced him to life in prison.
• There is so much crime around here that I'm thinking of moving.

• This problem has gone on for such a long time that I don't think they'll ever find a solution.
• It was such a terrible crime that the judge sentenced him to life in prison.
• There is such a lot of crime around here that I'm thinking of moving.

• I had too little time to get a good look at his face.
• This problem seems to be too difficult for them to solve.
• The police responded too slowly to have any chance of catching the burglar.

• There just aren't enough police officers on the streets.
• The police weren't quick enough to catch the burglar.
• The police didn't respond quickly enough to catch the burglar.

• So và such cũng có thể dùng mà không cần mệnh đề that:
  There's so much crime around here these days.
  Politics is so boring!
  You're such a bully!
• Too chỉ dùng để mô tả điều gì đó vượt quá mức cần thiết và có tác động tiêu cực. Nó không giống với very, really, extremely.
• Không cần thêm tân ngữ phụ trong các câu như: ✗ This problem seems to be too difficult for them to solve it.
• Enough thường đứng trước danh từ và sau tính từ/trạng từ.